ORIGINAL RESEARCH
J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.
Enhancement of oral bioavailability of risedronate through xyloglucan rafts
- NI
Nader I Namazi 1,2
- RB
Rawan Bafail 2
- AA
Abdulkareem Ali Alanezi 3
- AF
Afaf F Almuqati 3
- MS
Mohammed Salem Alshammari 3
- MA
Majed A Alghamdi 4
1. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Industries, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Taibah, Medina, Saudi Arabia
2. Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
3. University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
4. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates irritate the stomach and oesophagus and have a very limited absorption. The purpose of this study was to increase risedronate (RDN) oral bioavailability by causing a raft to form in the stomach. The creation of a raft prevents the irritation of the stomach and oesophagus caused by bisphosphonates. FTIR, TGA, and DSC were used to characterise the RDN, XLG, and the created formulation. In addition to a cell viability analysis utilising Caco-2 cells, the release of RDN was investigated in 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1 N HCl, and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). For the pharmacokinetic investigation, the XR5 formulation and the Actonel® tablet were chosen as the test and reference formulations, respectively. Using a parallel design, twelve healthy albino rats were split into two groups, and blood samples were gathered for a whole day. RDN was distributed uniformly throughout the raft and demonstrated chemical stability by the FTIR. The formulation's thermal stability was demonstrated by the TGA and DSC. At 20 minutes, the SGF showed a 99.97% RDN release. When compared to the RDN suspension, the pharmacokinetics revealed better RDN values from the XLG raft. The RDN from the recently developed XR5 has a better bioavailability than the Actonel® tablet.
Summary
Keywords
Xyloglucan, risedronate, raft, Bioavailability, in vitro dissolution
Received
02 September 2025
Accepted
23 December 2025
Copyright
© 2026 Namazi, Bafail, Alanezi, Almuqati, Alshammari and Alghamdi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Nader I Namazi, nnamazi@taibahu.edu.sa
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.