AUTHOR=Bolormaa Tsognemekh , Burenjargal Sedkhuu , Sandagdorj Badrakh , Chantsal Batsaikhan , Ochirkhuu Nymsuren , Gerelt-Od Sambalkhundev , Nyam-Osor Purevdorj TITLE=The role and significance of two-humped camels in Mongolia: adaptability, economic impact, and cultural importance JOURNAL=Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice VOLUME=Volume 15 - 2025 YEAR=2025 URL=https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/pastoralism-research-policy-and-practice/articles/10.3389/past.2025.14289 DOI=10.3389/past.2025.14289 ISSN=2041-7136 ABSTRACT=This study considers the multifaceted role of two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the livelihoods of Mongolian pastoralists, focusing on their adaptability to extreme climates, economic contributions, and cultural significance. Camels are essential in the production of meat, milk, and wool, which accounting for 54 percent of the total cash income in certain regions. They also provide essential draft power for transport, tourism, and sports. The study reveals variations in camel distribution across Mongolia's natural zones and highlights their resilience in supporting herders under diverse ecological conditions. The reproductive and lactation cycles of camels, aligned with Mongolia's distinct climate, further highlight their suitability for pastoral systems. This research emphasizes the importance of promoting sustainable camel farming practices through supportive policies and investments to enhance pastoral livelihoods and to ensure the preservation of Mongolia's camel-rearing heritage.