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        <title>Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/journal-of-pharmacy-pharmaceutical-sciences</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-11-08T07:25:39.378+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17204</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17204</link>
        <title><![CDATA[3D bioprinting of vascularized cardiac constructs reveals improved cardiomyocyte organization and contractile function]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-11-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Farinaz Ketabat</author><author>Andy Kim</author><author>Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud</author><author>Brian Frank Eames</author><author>Michelle Collins</author><author>Xiongbiao Chen</author><author>Michael E. Kelly</author><author>Ildiko Badea</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundDespite advances in cardiac tissue engineering, generating constructs that simultaneously achieve vascularization and organized cardiomyocyte function remains a major challenge.MethodsIn this study, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting was used to fabricate human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-laden alginate/gelatin constructs with defined architectures designed to mimic myocardial alignment. Constructs were cultured with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under static conditions followed by short-term dynamic stimulation in a bioreactor. Cardiomyocytes - H9c2 cells, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), or human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) - were subsequently seeded onto the constructs. Vascularization and the distribution of cells were assessed using immunofluorescence, and functional activity of cardiomyocytes was evaluated by calcium transient imaging.ResultsBioprinted constructs developed interconnected CD31-positive endothelial networks in response to growth factor supplementation and dynamic culture, whereas control constructs cultured without growth factors or bioreactor exposure showed limited vascular organization. Cardiomyocytes seeded onto vascularized constructs exhibited improved structural organization, including increased alignment and integration with endothelial networks. Functional assessment revealed more synchronized and rhythmic calcium transients compared to non-vascularized constructs.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that combining 3D bioprinting with controlled architectural design and endothelial network formation enhances cardiomyocyte organization and function. These findings highlight the critical role of vascular-like networks in improving the performance of engineered cardiac tissues.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17612</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17612</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Canada’s Ministerial Order for Reliance on decisions by foreign regulatory agencies for certain drugs: will it benefit pediatric patients?]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Catherine Y. Lau</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The lack of pediatric indications and age-appropriate formulations in Canada has been a major concern for the pediatric community for decades. Although small patient populations and onerous approval processes may deter drug manufacturers from developing or marketing these drugs and formulations, the lack of adequate incentives may also contribute to the problem. In July, 2026, Canada issued a Ministerial Order allowing certain drugs to be approved by relying on reviews conducted by foreign regulatory agencies, with pediatric drugs selected as the first pilot category. Reviews of literature, media publications, guidance documents, government, particularly regulatory documents and product information were conducted to explore Canada’s historical record of pediatric approvals with comparison to US and EU. Problems associated with lack of pediatric medications in Canada were identified. The Ministerial Order of Reliance together with the guidance document were examined to determine whether the proposed reform will solve the pediatric medication crisis in Canada. The Reliance Order may help to alleviate some regulatory nuance and speed up approval times, however, is this sufficient to compel sponsors to submit with no mandatory requirements or added incentives under the current proposal. The submission fee and labour involved probably will outweigh commercial return in most cases, thus not an attractive option for sponsors, leading to unsuccessful outcomes. The manuscript attempts to identify gaps and provide recommendations to ensure the amended policy and new guidance will be enabling to achieve the desired outcomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17048</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17048</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bioequivalence of budesonide inhalation suspension with and without activated charcoal in healthy Chinese subjects: two randomized four-period crossover trials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yinjuan Li</author><author>Lu Qi</author><author>Rongxia Fan</author><author>Qian Zhang</author><author>Ju Liu</author><author>Xiaoqiang Cheng</author><author>Xinghe Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundDemonstrating bioequivalence for locally acting inhaled products is challenging because systemic exposure may reflect both pulmonary absorption and gastrointestinal absorption of the swallowed fraction. Activated charcoal can suppress gastrointestinal uptake and may help interpret lung-derived exposure more directly.MethodsTwo open-label, randomized, single-dose, four-period crossover pharmacokinetic bioequivalence trials were conducted in healthy Chinese adults, one under non-block conditions and one under charcoal-block conditions. Thirty-six subjects were enrolled in each trial. In each period, subjects inhaled a single 1 mg dose of the test or reference budesonide inhalation suspension via a standardized jet nebulizer procedure, with a 5-day washout between periods. Plasma budesonide concentrations were measured for 15 h. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoints were Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf, and bioequivalence was concluded if the 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference geometric mean ratios were within 80.00%–125.00%.ResultsUnder both non-block and charcoal-block conditions, the 90% confidence intervals for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf met the predefined bioequivalence criteria. In exploratory between-cohort comparisons based on subject-level arithmetic summaries, activated-charcoal blockade was associated with numerically lower AUC values, whereas Cmax remained similar; however, nominal exploratory P values for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-inf were all >0.05 and were not used for confirmatory inference. These findings are consistent with, but do not establish, a predominant pulmonary contribution to systemic exposure after nebulization. Both formulations were well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionThe test and reference budesonide inhalation suspension formulations were bioequivalent under both non-block and charcoal-block conditions. Exploratory between-cohort comparisons showed no statistically significant differences in Cmax, AUC0-t, or AUC0-inf based on nominal P values. The charcoal-related findings are consistent with, but do not establish, a predominant pulmonary contribution to systemic exposure after nebulization and should be interpreted cautiously because the conditions were evaluated in separate cohorts. Overall, the two studies provide supportive pharmacokinetic evidence for the evaluation of generic nebulized budesonide products.Trial RegistrationClinical Trial Registration: Drug Clinical Trial Registration and Information Publicity Platform of the National Medical Products Administration of China, CTR20200344 and CTR20201473 (http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/); Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000035173 (https://www.chictr.org.cn/).]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17216</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17216</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated computational screening and biochemical validation identify natural small molecules targeting Aβ aggregation and dissociation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hyewon Lee</author><author>Vijay Kumar</author><author>Soo Jung Shin</author><author>Yunkwon Nam</author><author>Sinae Jang</author><author>Hyeon soo Kim</author><author>Minseok Lee</author><author>Gyu Yong Song</author><author>Eun-Kyung Lim</author><author>Han-Jung Chae</author><author>Minho Moon</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), a pathological hallmark implicated in disease onset and progression. Aβ undergoes self-assembly from monomers into soluble oligomers, protofibrils, insoluble fibrils, and extracellular plaques. Our previous studies have shown that Jowiseungchungtang, which consists of 14 medicinal herbs, inhibits Aβ aggregation and ameliorates Aβ-mediated pathology in AD models. However, the active small molecules underlying these effects remain unidentified. To identify small molecules from these 14 medicinal herbs, we constructed a library of 1,751 compounds and applied an integrated in silico and in vitro workflow. First, these 1,751 compounds were filtered based on drug-likeness and predicted blood-brain barrier permeability, yielding 566 candidates. Second, molecular docking of 566 selected compounds against Aβ conformers identified five candidates predicted to interact with aggregation-prone residues critical for Aβ aggregation and fibril stabilization. Third, Thioflavin T assays demonstrated that four compounds—1-monopalmitin, isobutyl octyl oxalate, pentadecanoic acid, and dimethyl azelate—significantly inhibited Aβ42 aggregation. Additionally, isobutyl octyl oxalate and pentadecanoic acid disaggregated preformed Aβ42 aggregates. Fourth, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine the short-timescale behavior of the candidate compounds with the Aβ17–42 dimer, showing transient ligand–Aβ interactions associated with structural rearrangements at the dimer interface. Pharmacokinetic predictions supported drug-likeness, showing blood-brain barrier permeability and systemic clearance. Collectively, these findings identify four Jowiseungchungtang (JWS)-derived candidate compounds with Aβ aggregation-inhibitory activity and provide a mechanistic and pharmacokinetic basis for further development of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents in AD.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17560</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17560</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Diabesity: an old term, a modern challenge — multi-omics and precision anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in type 2 diabetes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Karolina Hoffmann</author><author>Weronika Faustyna Pucek</author><author>Wiktoria Skrzypek</author><author>Filip Kierzkowski</author><author>Piotr Ratajczak</author><author>Viviana Maggio</author><author>Manfredi Rizzo</author><author>Mohamed El-Tanani</author><author>Syed Arman Rabbani</author><author>Bhoomendra Bhongade</author><author>Shakta Mani Satyam</author><author>Sirajunisa Talath</author><author>Imran Rashid Rangraze</author><author>Adil Farooq Wali</author><author>Walaa Ibraheem</author><author>Yahia El-Tanani</author><author>Sorina Ispas</author><author>Wiesław Bryl</author><author>Anna Paczkowska</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are closely interconnected but heterogeneous conditions in which treatment response, safety, body weight, glycemic control, and long-term clinical outcomes vary substantially between individuals. This narrative review evaluates emerging anti-obesity pharmacotherapy in patients with coexisting T2DM and obesity and examines the translational role of multi-omics in future precision treatment selection. Distinct from reviews focused primarily on obesity pharmacotherapy or omics-based disease stratification, the present review emphasizes the interface between contemporary drug mechanisms, T2DM-associated metabolic heterogeneity, candidate molecular signatures, and the level of evidence required for clinically actionable prescribing. We summarize evidence for approved and investigational oral incretin therapies, dual and triple receptor agonists, amylin-based strategies, established antidiabetic drugs, and adjunctive approaches targeting body composition. Throughout the review, we distinguish established clinical evidence from mechanistic rationale, candidate biomarkers, exploratory associations, and hypothetical future precision applications. We also separate metabolic efficacy endpoints, such as body weight and HbA1c, from intermediate cardiometabolic risk markers and from cardiovascular or kidney outcomes demonstrated in dedicated outcome trials. At present, no genomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, proteomic, microbiome, or integrated multi-omics signature has been clinically validated to select a specific anti-obesity medication for patients with T2DM and obesity. Major unresolved issues include the need for prospective biomarker validation, direct comparative trials, standardized assays, externally validated and calibrated prediction models, preservation of skeletal muscle health and physical function, long-term safety, treatment durability, affordability, and equitable implementation. Multi-omics should therefore be viewed as an investigational framework for generating and testing precision-treatment hypotheses rather than as a basis for routine prescribing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16471</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16471</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A mechanistic quantitative systems pharmacology framework for glucosamine sulfate in knee osteoarthritis: linking exposure, cartilage biology, and clinical outcomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Marzieh Soheili</author><author>Hamed Gilzad Kohan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundGlucosamine is widely used for osteoarthritis management, yet clinical trial results remain controversial, despite robust preclinical anti-inflammatory effects that fail to translate consistently into clinical benefit. We hypothesized that a mechanistic QSP framework could reconcile these contradictory findings by quantifying how differences in drug exposure at the target site translate into variable treatment effects.ObjectiveTo develop and validate a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model that mechanistically integrates glucosamine pharmacokinetics, cartilage matrix dynamics, and clinical outcomes in knee osteoarthritis, and to identify pharmacokinetic determinants of clinical efficacy.MethodsA systematic literature review identified 177 records, from which five landmark studies were selected (three for calibration, one for external validation, and one for exploratory comparison). The QSP model comprises three modules: pharmacokinetics (steady-state synovial exposure), cartilage matrix dynamics (GAG turnover with anti-catabolic drug effect), and clinical outcomes (joint space width [JSW], WOMAC pain). The model implements a primarily anti-catabolic mechanism with minor synthesis stimulation (Emax,syn = 0.15). Five parameters were estimated using multi-start optimization against 3-year JSW data from Reginster et al. and Pavelka et al., and 24-week pain data from GAIT (2006). External validation used the GUIDE 2007 trial. Virtual population simulations (N = 500) characterized interindividual variability, and translational simulations explored dose-response, bioavailability enhancement, treatment duration, and patient stratification.ResultsThe model was calibrated to reproduce the 3-year JSW treatment effect (0.211 mm predicted vs. 0.240 mm observed; 12% error), a constrained fit conditional on the assumed anti-catabolic potency. The anti-catabolic effect parameter (Imax,deg) was estimated at its upper bound of 1.00. However, a wide-range re-calibration analysis showed that this predicted benefit is contingent on the assumed anti-catabolic potency: when IC50,deg was varied across the range at which glucosamine’s effects are actually observed in vitro (≈10–1,000 μg/mL), the predicted structural benefit fell below the minimal clinically important difference and the model fit degraded substantially. External validation against GUIDE 2007 reproduced both arms’ pain trajectories (mean absolute error 3.8 WOMAC points; all observations within the 90% prediction intervals) but under-predicted the between-arm treatment effect (−1.4 vs. −5.0 WOMAC points), indicating the model captures overall pain magnitude better than the glucosamine-attributable difference; systematic overprediction of pain reduction further suggests population-specific heterogeneity in placebo response. Under the optimistic potency anchor, translational simulations predicted a minimum effective dose of approximately 750 mg/day, that 83% of patients achieve the 0.1 mm MCID at the standard dose under real-world variability (98.2% show positive benefit, treatment effect >0, under calibration conditions), 73% efficacy enhancement through bioavailability improvement from 22% to 40%, continued structural benefit through 5 years without plateau, and consistent treatment effects (NNT = 2) across disease severity stages. All of these predictions are contingent on the same anti-catabolic potency assumption; under in vitro–consistent potency, the predicted benefit falls below clinical significance (see Conclusions and “Re-calibration across the biologically realistic potency range”).ConclusionThis QSP model provides a mechanistic framework for examining the conditions under which glucosamine could exert disease-modifying effects in knee osteoarthritis. Critically, the model’s predicted structural benefit is contingent on optimistic assumptions about both anti-catabolic potency and oral bioavailability; under values consistent with the available in vitro and pharmacokinetic evidence, the predicted benefit at achievable joint concentrations is minimal. This dependence offers a mechanistic explanation for the inconsistent and frequently null results of independent glucosamine trials. However, the assumption that salt form determines bioavailability is challenged by recent pharmacokinetic and crystallographic evidence suggesting that commercially available glucosamine sulfate formulations may not differ fundamentally from glucosamine hydrochloride in their active moiety. Model predictions are contingent on the calibration data from industry-sponsored European trials, and should be interpreted in light of the failure of independent trials to replicate these structural benefits. This work exemplifies how Model-Informed Drug Development approaches can quantify the sensitivity of clinical outcomes to pharmacokinetic parameters, informing future trial design and dose optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16205</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16205</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The pharmaceutical applications of palm kernel oil: innovations in dermatological therapies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Teong Gee Thor</author><author>Rana Sejare</author><author>Xin Yi Teoh</author><author>Ahmed Bassam Farhan</author><author>Sri Fatmawati</author><author>Siok Yee Chan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Dermatological problems of the skin, hair or nails are considered one of the most cutaneous complaints and form around 30% of all visits to dermatologists. Recent treatments have been focused on exploring natural agents as alternatives for antibiotic-free treatments. Palm kernel oil (PKO) is identified as one of the healthy alternatives and is incorporated into traditional healthcare as a result of its safety and efficacy on the human body. PKO is a vegetable oil which is extracted from the seeds of the palm plant fruit. It has various therapeutic benefits, especially on skin health including antibacterial, antifungal, emollient, moisturiser, antioxidant and anti-ageing effects. Moreover, the moisturising potential can prevent dryness and enhance the elasticity of the skin. These remarkable effects could be the key to encouraging the pharmaceutical industries and researchers to further utilise and incorporate pharmacological properties of PKO in developing natural pharmaceutical skincare and dermatological products as a promising safe, sustainable and cost-effective alternative. This article highlights the important pharmacological effects and the latest pharmaceutical applications of PKO and its derivatives.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17336</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17336</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Carbapenem-based versus non-carbapenem therapy for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in a resource-limited setting: a retrospective cohort study of clinical outcomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Uroosa Kanwal</author><author>Iyad Naeem Muhammad</author><author>Ale Zehra</author><author>Syed Shaukat Ali Muttaqi Shah</author><author>Falak Abro</author><author>Tehreem Ansari</author><author>Najia Rahim</author><author>Rabya Munawar</author><author>Mujahid Hussain</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are major causes of in-hospital mortality and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Carbapenems are commonly used due to their broad-spectrum activity; however, their efficacy in real-world clinical practices comparing carbapenem with non-carbapenem regimens in these settings is limited.ObjectivesTo compare clinical outcomes between patients receiving carbapenem-based and non-carbapenem therapy for HAP and VAP at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 93 adult patients (HAP: n = 62, VAP: n = 31) over the period of 1 year. Demographics, comorbidities, microbial isolates, treatment regimen, and clinical outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and risk ratio calculations with 95% confidence interval. Multivariable logistic regression was planned to adjust for confounders but was not feasible due to missing severity score and biomarker data.ResultsHAP was more common in females (63%), while VAP showed a male predominance (52%). The most common pathogens were Acinetobacter spp. (HAP: 11.3%; VAP: 19.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (HAP: 11.3%; VAP: 16.1%). The most prevalent comorbidity in HAP was diabetes mellitus (38.7%). Carbapenem-based therapy (meropenem) was used in 65.6% of cases and the most frequently prescribed non-carbapenem agents were piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, and colistin. No significant difference in mortality was observed between carbapenem and non-carbapenem therapy in HAP (31.6% vs. 29.2%; RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.50–2.36, p = 0.840) or VAP (65.2% vs. 50.0%; RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.61–2.77, p = 0.440). VAP was associated with significantly higher crude mortality than HAP (61.3% vs. 30.6%; p = 0.005). Crude mortality rates appeared highest among patients in the Acinetobacter baumannii group (70.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa group (31.3%), though treatment group difference were not statistically significant.ConclusionIn this single-center retrospective cohort, no statistically significant association between carbapenem-based therapy and all-cause in-hospital mortality was detected in HAP or VAP. Crude mortality appeared highest among patients with Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas isolates. However, wide confidence intervals, treatment-selection bias, and unadjusted analyses preclude definitive conclusions. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating, requiring confirmation in adequately powered, larger prospective studies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17413</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17413</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Availability, utilization, and factors associated with professional pharmacy services in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wael Y. Khawagi</author><author>Omar N. Al-Sharif</author><author>Tariq A. Al-Zahrani</author><author>Saeed Saad A. Alghamdi</author><author>Wadia S. Alruqayb</author><author>Abdullah A. Alshehri</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCommunity pharmacists are increasingly expected to provide patient-centered clinical and public health services beyond traditional medication dispensing. However, the availability and utilization of these services in Saudi community pharmacies remain insufficiently characterized.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and April 2026 among licensed pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. A structured online questionnaire assessed the availability and utilization of 26 professional pharmacy services, perceived barriers to service provision, and overall satisfaction. Service availability and utilization scores were calculated, and factors associated with high service utilization were examined using Spearman correlation and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 188 respondents participated. Core pharmacy services, including prescription dispensing (97.9%) and medication counselling (97.3%), were widely available. In contrast, extended services such as vaccination, health screening, pharmacovigilance, electronic health record access, and private consultation rooms were considerably less available. Higher prescription volume was the strongest independent predictor of high service utilization. The most frequently reported barriers were unclear regulations (55%), workload and time constraints (53%), and administrative burden associated with the Wasfaty system (51%). Overall, 42.0% of respondents reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the current scope of pharmacy services.ConclusionCommunity pharmacists in selected regions of Saudi Arabia reported high availability of core pharmaceutical services, while clinical, preventive, and advanced services were less consistently available. Addressing regulatory, operational, and infrastructure-related barriers and strengthening integration with primary healthcare may enhance the contribution of community pharmacists to healthcare delivery and support broader healthcare transformation goals.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17260</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.17260</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effects of music elements on mycophenolate glucuronidation in rat liver microsomes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jinal Adhiya</author><author>Ali H. Shalaby</author><author>Ala’A. R Al-Dajani</author><author>Sara R. El-Mahrouk</author><author>Carol Olympus</author><author>Heidi Ahonen</author><author>Ayman O. S. El-Kadi</author><author>Tony K. L. Kiang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundMycophenolic acid (MPA), a first-line immunosuppressant for preventing transplant organ rejection, exhibits substantial inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability. We hypothesized that music elements (tempo, rhythm, and harmony) can affect the formation of MPA glucuronide (the major, inactive metabolite, MPAG) and MPA acyl glucuronide (the minor, toxic metabolite, AcMPAG) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats.MethodsSD rats (8–10 weeks; 200–300 g; N = 8 per group [equal sex]) were exposed for 24 h in a sound-monitored room with music combinations (fast or slow tempo with regular or irregular rhythm) versus controls. Liver microsomes were analysed for MPAG and AcMPAG formation under initial velocity conditions. As FT IR (fast tempo with irregular rhythm) significantly reduced AcMPAG formation, we further tested harmony (tonal vs. atonal [AH]) within FT IR using three independent composers and two published pieces. MPA glucuronides were quantified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Enzyme kinetics in FT IR AH versus controls were determined across MPA concentrations (0–320 μg/mL). mRNA and protein expression of the AcMPAG-forming enzyme (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B1) and other expressed UGTs were analysed.ResultsMPAG formation was unaffected by any music combination, whereas niflumic acid (100 μM, positive control) reduced it by ∼67%. AcMPAG formation was significantly reduced by FT IR (42.5 ± 14.4%; mean ± SEM; p < 0.05) and further reduced with added AH (74.4 ± 10.8%; p < 0.005). For MPAG, Vmax and CLint were comparable to controls, with a modestly higher Km. For AcMPAG, Vmax and CLint decreased by 89.7 ± 46.4% and 91.5 ± 29.7%, respectively (p < 0.05, n = 7 [3 males, 4 females]), with no change in Km. No sex differences in kinetic parameters were observed for either analyte. Inter-composer differences in MPA glucuronidation could be explained by the legato (continuous)-to-staccato (intermittent) articulation ratio. Hepatic Ugt2b1 mRNA and protein expression were unchanged after FT IR AH exposure, as were hepatic Ugt1a1, Ugt1a5, Ugt1a6, Ugt1a7, and Ugt2b12 mRNA.ConclusionOur novel findings indicate that specific music elements (FT IR AH) reduced generation of the minor, toxic AcMPAG without affecting formation of the major, inactive MPAG. This is potentially therapeutically beneficial, as the adverse effects of MPA might be selectively attenuated without altering its clearance or therapeutic outcomes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16879</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16879</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Age-related risk factors for leftover drugs: a lifespan analysis in community pharmacies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Toshiyuki Hirai</author><author>Shunsuke Hanaoka</author><author>Yuusuke Terakado</author><author>Toshiichi Seki</author><author>Hiroyuki Hayashi</author><author>Fumiyuki Watanabe</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMedication adherence is a critical global challenge because suboptimal adherence reduces therapeutic efficacy and increases healthcare costs. While leftover drugs are vital indicators of potential adherence-related challenges, age-specific factors contributing to their occurrence, particularly across the lifespan, remain insufficiently understood. This study was aimed at clarifying age-stratified factors associated with leftover drugs using large-scale objective data from protocol-based pharmacotherapy management (PBPM) in community pharmacies.MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of 36,340 outpatients. Objective reporting of data based on the PBPM in community pharmacies between 2016 and 2021 was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression and predicted probability models were used to evaluate the interactions between age (decade-stratified) and four primary clinical factors: drug count, prescription duration, prescribing department count, and sex.ResultsThe overall proportion of leftover drugs was 9.6% (n = 3,472). In the overall population comparison, no significant differences were observed in terms of sex, but the patients in the leftover group were significantly older and had higher medication counts, longer prescription durations, and more prescribing departments. Multivariate analysis revealed significant interactions between age and each of the three primary prescription-related factors. The impact of clinical characteristics on the proportion of leftover drugs varied distinctly across life stages. Specifically, long-term prescription was the most potent risk factor for younger adults (20s–40s), whereas polypharmacy and multidepartment visits were the primary factors associated with leftover drugs for older patients. Predicted probability models indicated that having fewer than five prescribed medications was consistently associated with a lower likelihood of leftover drugs across all age groups.ConclusionThis study highlights the influence of clinical characteristics on leftover drug shifting substantially with age. Consequently, effective management requires age-specific interventions centered on minimizing drug counts, with an emphasis on optimizing prescription duration in younger adults and promoting medication simplification and inter-institutional coordination in older adults.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16454</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16454</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integration of microphysiological systems with computational and digital twin modeling for pharmaceutical development: a systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Marzieh Soheili</author><author>Behdad Gilzad Kohan</author><author>Leila Rastegar</author><author>Yousef Moradi</author><author>Hamed Gilzad Kohan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe pharmaceutical industry faces a productivity crisis, with only ∼10% of candidates reaching approval and development costs exceeding $1-2 billion per drug. Traditional preclinical models, particularly animal studies, show limited predictive validity for human outcomes. Microphysiological systems (MPS), including organ-on-chip devices, integrated with digital twin computational modeling, offer a promising route to improve translational prediction, yet no systematic assessment exists.ObjectivesTo identify, evaluate, and synthesize the published literature on integrating MPS with digital twin computational modeling for pharmaceutical development.MethodsFollowing PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251274941), PubMed and Europe PMC were searched from January 2010 to December 2025. Studies were included if they integrated MPS platforms with computational models (PBPK, QSP, IVIVE, PK/PD, or machine learning). Two-stage automated screening with independent verification by two researchers was applied. Data extraction captured organ systems, model types, platforms, validation approaches, pharmacokinetic parameters, software, and economic considerations.ResultsOf 2,044 records, 123 studies met inclusion criteria. Publication activity grew exponentially (CAGR ∼35%), with 38.2% published in 2024–2025. Liver was the most represented organ (30.9%), followed by vasculature (19.5%), gut (18.7%), and immune components (17.1%). PBPK was the predominant computational approach (18.7%), followed by PK (12.2%), IVIVE (12.2%), and machine learning (9.8%). Commercially, Emulate led (55.8%), then Mimetas (23.3%) and CN Bio (19.2%); custom/academic platforms comprised 74.2%. Validation was robust, with 95.8% discussing clinical data comparisons and 77.5% reporting average fold error. Only liver-PBPK and liver-PK qualified as established combinations (>5 studies), with many organ-model pairings unexplored. Multi-organ systems showed accelerating adoption after 2021. Economic themes were discussed qualitatively, but formal health economic analyses were absent.ConclusionMPS-digital twin integration has matured from an emerging concept into a research paradigm with demonstrated translational value. Validation practices are strong and aligned with regulatory expectations, supported by the FDA Modernization Act 2.0 and the ISTAND program’s acceptance of Liver-Chip technology. Liver-focused applications are the most mature and should serve as a template for expansion. Priority gaps include kidney, lung, and brain MPS-computational integration, multi-organ systems, and rigorous health economic analyses. Continued standardization and regulatory engagement will be essential to realize this approach’s potential.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16995</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16995</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fenofibrate in ophthalmology: therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sean Chung-Hei Ho</author><author>Isabelle Xin Yu Lee</author><author>Chang Liu</author><author>Mingyi Yu</author><author>Hong Chang Tan</author><author>Gavin Siew Wei Tan</author><author>Yu-Chi Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ophthalmic diseases are a growing global cause of visual impairment, driven by population aging and the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist widely used for dyslipidemia, has emerged as a candidate for therapeutic repurposing in ophthalmology. This narrative review synthesizes current preclinical and clinical evidence on fenofibrate across anterior and posterior segment diseases, including diabetic corneal neuropathy, diabetic keratopathy, dry eye disease, corneal burns, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and central retinal artery occlusion. Across ocular disease models, fenofibrate demonstrates neuroprotective, vascular stabilizing, and tissue-remodeling effects. These actions appear to involve modulation of shared pathogenic pathways, including PPARα-dependentregulation of inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, and preservation of epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, and vascular integrity. Clinical evidence is strongest for diabetic retinopathy, where randomized trials support a potential adjunctive role in slowing progression and reducing interventions in patients with early-to-moderate disease. Preliminary clinical evidence for diabetic corneal neuropathy is promising but limited, whereas data for dry eye disease, corneal burns, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinal ischemic injury remains preclinical. Emerging experimental ocular delivery strategies may improve local bioavailability while reducing systemic exposure. Overall, fenofibrate represents a biologically plausible adjunctive ophthalmic therapy, but further randomized trials, mechanistic studies, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and long-term safety assessments are required to define its therapeutic role beyond diabetic retinopathy.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16787</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16787</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Innovative hyaluronic acid-decorated quatsomes for enhanced renal targeting: design, optimization and in-vivo biochemical and nephroprotective assessments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sadek Ahmed</author><author>Rana M. ElBishbishy</author><author>Mohamed A. Sadek</author><author>Osama Saher</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The kidney plays a critical role in metabolite excretion, fluid regulation, and homeostasis, yet remains highly vulnerable to structural and functional disorders. Kidney diseases represent a major global health burden, often progressing to chronic complications due to the limited efficacy and poor selectivity of conventional therapies, which are frequently associated with systemic toxicity. Accordingly, the development of targeted drug delivery systems is essential to improve therapeutic outcomes. In this study, advanced quatsomes were developed as a kidney-targeted nanosystem to enhance the delivery of curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and nephroprotective properties. The system was composed of di-dodecyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB), cholesterol, limonene, hyaluronic acid (HA) and surfactants, and was fabricated using the ethanol injection method. A 23 factorial design was employed to optimize formulation variables, including DDAB:cholesterol ratio, limonene:drug ratio, and surfactant concentration. The optimized formulation (desirability = 0.950) exhibited high entrapment efficiency (87.80%), nanosized vesicles (120.55 nm), and a positive surface charge (+38.30 mV). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed spherical morphology, while in-vitro release studies demonstrated a biphasic profile. The formulation also showed good physicochemical stability and enhanced antioxidant activity. Mechanistically, passive targeting via nanoscale size and cationic charge facilitated interaction with the glomerular filtration barrier and mesangial uptake, while limonene improved vesicle deformability. HA functionalization further enabled CD44-mediated active targeting. In vivo, the optimized system significantly reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels in a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model, with histological evidence of renal protection. Overall, the developed quatsomes demonstrate promising potential as an efficient renal-targeted nanocarrier.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16612</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16612</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Drug-related problems and their predictors in pediatric community-acquired infections: the role of pharmacist-led interventions in Pakistan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sana Ali</author><author>Ale Zehra</author><author>Fakhsheena Anjum</author><author>Syed Shaukat Ali Muttaqi Shah</author><author>Falak Abro</author><author>Sadia Shakeel</author><author>Muhammad Ali</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeDrug-Related Problems (DRPs) are a leading cause of preventable harm to hospitalized children, yet the data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, severity and determinants of DRPs in children with community-acquired infections (CAIs) using standard classification, and to quantify clinical and economic impact of pharmacist-led interventions.MethodsA prospective interventional study conducted (June 2024-March 2025), in pediatric ward of tertiary care public hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Children aged 2months-14 years with CAIs were enrolled. A trained pharmacist reviewed medication orders daily, identifying DRPs (classified by PCNE V9.1 and severity by NCC MERP criteria). Interventions were proposed to physicians and acceptance rates recorded. Direct cost savings were calculated and DRP predictors were identified using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 3,842 medication orders were reviewed for 400 patients, identifying 2,010 DRPs (5.03 DRPs/patient). Primary causes were dose-selection (C3-58.13%), drug-form (C2-15.01%), and drug-selection (C1-13.08%). Severity assessment classified 9.0% of errors as having potential to cause serious harm. Pharmacist interventions had 98.7% acceptance and 81.1% DRPs were resolved. Number of medications (AOR 1.32), fever (AOR 2.84) and length of stay >7days (AOR 1.76) were identified as predictors of DRPs; past immunization was protective (AOR 0.51). Direct cost saving was PKR 363,184 (USD1,290) over 10 months (23:1 cost ratio). Cost per DRP prevented was PKR 241 (USD 0.86), with 142% return on investment.ConclusionDRPs affected 52.3 per 100 medication orders in hospitalized children with CAIs, with dose selection DRPs predominant and 9% having serious harm potential. Pharmacist-led interventions demonstrated a 98.7% acceptance rate and 81.1% resolution of DRPs, and were associated with substantial cost savings, providing evidence for integrating clinical pharmacy services in LMICs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16451</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16451</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Quality by design in public healthcare: a rapid development framework for future pandemics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Niranjan Panda</author><author>Madhusudan Maity</author><author>Vijay Kotra</author><author>Bikash Ranjan Jena</author><author>Debashish Ghose</author><author>Gouri Sankar Jena</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The growing number of pandemics and emergencies traversing the world in recent decades has illustrated the vulnerability of the conventional pharmaceutical development process and the necessity of an efficient, robust, and patient-driven pandemic-ready development model. QbD is a scientifically proven proactive approach that has been comprehensively examined recently for its potential to effectively optimize formulations in an accelerated time frame. Risk factor assessment and constant surveillance serve to maintain the product quality & standards before the final stage of large-scale production and offer regulatory pliability. The extension of this method, AQbD, paired side by side also assists in accelerated assessment and quality assurance which is a critical component in any global circumstance. In recent years studies have been done by applying this novel approach, but very little has been reported on the establishment of this approach as a Pandemic-Ready Development Framework. This mini review addresses the regulatory basis alongside the key principles of QbD, which aligns its working approach as optimally compatible with any pandemic situation. Furthermore, it emphasizes the widespread implementation of this approach as AQbD, which stands for swift testing coupled with quality assurance standards. It also focuses on the limitations and critical areas where QbD can be applied to cope with existing demands in near future. Further, it applies this approach in several formulation developments pertinent to pandemic or endemic conditions and discusses the challenges of implementation and future directions. Overall, this discussion stresses the potential of this approach as a very promising framework for future pandemics.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16610</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16610</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The cross-talk between GSK-3β, RKIP, and PTEN as potential targets for therapeutic implications in cancer: a comprehensive insight]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Esraa M. Mosalam</author><author>Mahmoud S. Abdallah</author><author>Ahmed R. Gardouh</author><author>Eman Hamza</author><author>Mostafa M. Bahaa</author><author>Mahmoud Nazih</author><author>Reham A. Al-Dhelaan</author><author>Noha Kamal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) has been reported to be under expressed in many cancers and plays a role in the regulation of tumor cells’ survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, hence, a tumor suppressor. RKIP also regulates tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic drugs/cells. Likewise, the tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, is either mutated, under expressed, or deleted in many cancers and shares with RKIP its anti-tumor properties and its regulation in resistance. Several pathways are regulated by RKIP, GSK-3, PTEN, and the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations of RKIP, GSK-3, and PTEN are significantly altered in cancers. In addition, RKIP, GSK-3 and PTEN play a key role in the regulation of tumor cells response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the roles that GSK-3, PTEN, and RKIP play in various human cancers. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (Snail)/Yin Yang 1 (YY1) loop, and rat sarcoma virus oncogene (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16158</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16158</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Old drugs, new weapons: current trends in repurposing therapies against antimicrobial resistance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Gatadi Srikanth</author><author>Niggula Praveen Kumar</author><author>Bhima Sridevi</author><author>Padma Bhavani Borra</author><author>Parul Thapar</author><author>Aabid Wani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a globally accelerating issue threatening the efficacy of existing treatments. Repurposing approved drugs for the development of new antimicrobial agents reduces the development cost and risk. The clinical potential of repurposed medications for AMR is essential to implement coordinated strategies that encompass scientific validation and supportive regulatory frameworks. Repurposing serves as a strong method to prolong the effectiveness of current antimicrobial classes and to fill significant voids in the global AMR pipeline. The present review summarizes current trends in repurposing strategies against AMR, utilization of non-antibiotic drugs with antibacterial activity, agents that potentiate conventional antibiotics through membrane disruption or efflux pump inhibition, and host-directed therapies that modulate immune responses and combination therapies. We also highlight advances in systems pharmacology, in silico screening, and phenotypic assays that enable rational identification of repurposing candidates. Although significant regulatory and economic barriers persist, including weak intellectual property protection, limited commercial incentives, and market constraints, swift attempts are being made to address the issues.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16570</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16570</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dissolution-permeation approach for biopharmaceutical evaluation: a feasibility study using naproxen]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Andrejs Sitovs</author><author>Katarina Gurkina</author><author>Liga Petersone</author><author>Valentyn Mohylyuk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectivesDissolution and/or release profile alone are insufficient to predict the in vivo absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Thus, permeation test becomes a critical component for biopharmaceutical assessment. Currently, none of the dissolution-permeation systems include the compendial dissolution, or provide large acceptor volumes, or are compatible with ex vivo membranes. Addressing the limitations of the existing dissolution-permeation testing systems, we propose the integration of the Ussing (permeability) chamber to the dissolution apparatus.MethodsThe assembled dissolution-permeation system evaluated the effect of 5% and 10% soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine in dodecane (LiDo) and permeable membrane material on apparent permeability coefficients of naproxen, a BCS II class drug.ResultsNaproxen release from the tablets reached approximately 100% within 30 min. Naproxen Papp across a 0.45 µm PVDF membrane was 0.91 ± 0.35 × 10-8 cm/s for 5% LiDo, and 0.75 ± 0.23 × 10-8 cm/s for 10% LiDo. The 0.20 μm PC membrane with 5% LiDo showed a Papp of 1.99 ± 0.57 × 10-8 cm/s.ConclusionThe proposed compendial dissolution-permeation system with an Ussing chamber allowed for the simultaneous determination of dissolution and permeability of naproxen. All Papp values obtained were approximately 100-fold lower than those reported in the literature. The results may have been influenced by the differences in sink conditions and permeable membrane composition. The use of a PC membrane resulted in higher permeability, compared to the PVDF membrane. Adequately improved, this methodology could be transferred for the ex vivo membrane dissolution-permeability testing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16026</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/articles/10.3389/jpps.2026.16026</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Practical considerations for managing patients being treated with topical roflumilast]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Sameh Hanna</author><author>Ahmad Chehade</author><author>Christina Han</author><author>Susan Poelman</author><author>Ravina Sanghera</author><author>Carolyn Whiskin</author><author>Aaron Sihota</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Topical roflumilast, available in 0.3% cream, 0.15% cream, and 0.3% foam formulations, is a novel, highly potent phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor that was recently approved in Canada for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, respectively. Topical formulations were shown in clinical trials to significantly improve disease symptoms with excellent tolerability and minimal adverse events. An oral form of roflumilast has also been approved in Canada since 2010 for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The product monograph for topical roflumilast currently references a substantial amount of safety information specific to the oral formulation due to a lack of long-term safety data. Furthermore, no formal drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with topical roflumilast, nor in special populations in whom oral roflumilast is contraindicated. Due to the impact that the route of administration has on the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug and its subsequent ability to produce undesirable or toxic effects, this presents a challenge for pharmacists who are tasked with determining how to best interpret and communicate this safety information to patients. This paper reviews the safety information contained within the product monograph for topical roflumilast in the context of the pharmacokinetic differences between the topical and oral formulations. The impact of the route of administration on adverse effect risk, drug-drug interactions, and contraindications is highlighted, and practical guidance is provided to assist pharmacists in interpreting and applying this information in practice.]]></description>
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